Language: Zenzontepec Chatino
Contributors: Eric Campbell
Complex verb
Verb meaning: CLOSE [close]
Comment: /nka-u-t-ākǫ́ʔ/; CPL-CAUS-TRN-cover; The root is -ākǫ́ʔ, and is unspecified for valency. -u-t-ākǫ́ʔ is the transitive causative verb, with t- transitivizer and u- causative. -y-ākǫ́ʔ is the intransitive counterpart verb. The instrument is optional.
Examples: see at the bottom
Schema: V 1 jiʔį̄+2 (lóʔō+3)
| # | Microrole | Coding set | Argument type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | closer | Ø | A |
| 2 | closed thing | jiʔį̄+NP | P |
| 3 | closing instrument | lóʔō+NP | I |
| (17) |
nka_-t-a_ko!&7 ni7 ki!7u_ -V! ji7i_& na nkwi!tza& -V! lo!7o_ na ta_ kitza&7 -V! Nkātākǫ́ʔ niʔ kíʔyūú jiʔį̄ na nkwítząá lóʔō na tā kitząʔá. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover niʔ 3SG.RSP kíʔyū=V́ male=DEM jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART tā-kitząʔ=V́ cloth-hair=DEM The man covered the child with the blanket. |
| (18) |
nte-ta_ko!&7 koo ji7i_& koo_7 Ntētākǫ́ʔ koo jį̄ koōʔ. ntē-t-ākǫ́ʔ PRG.CAUS-TRN-cover koo cloud jiʔį̄ RN koōʔ moon The cloud is covering the moon. |
| (19) |
k-u-t-ako_&7 -a& ji7i_& na lita -V! ja_ na! nya7a xi!kwa_& ji7i_& Kutākǫ́ʔǫ jnā litaá jā ná nyaʔa xíkwą̄ jį̄. k-u-t-ākǫ́ʔ=ą POT-CAUS-TRN-cover=1PL.INCL jiʔį̄ RN na ART lita=V́ ear.of.corn=DEM jā CONJ ná NEG nyaʔa POT.see xíkwą̄ sunlight jiʔį̄ RN(.3) We are going to cover up the corn so that the sun does not see it. |
| (20) |
nka-t-a_ko!&7 ntoo nku-tyu_kwa! lu-wi7 Nkātākǫ́ʔ ntoo nkutyūkwá luwiʔ. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover(.3) ntoo eye(.3) nku-tyūkwá CPL-go.out(.3) luwiʔ then He closed his eyes and walked out then. |
| (22) |
nka-t-a_ko!&7 nu nee jo7o_ kya7a_ ke!ku_. nk-y-a_ko!&7=ntoo nu nee jo7o_ kya7a_ ke!ku_ kwenta_ nu nee nk-yaa& nu nee mpanjelisado_r nka_ Nkātākǫ́ʔ nu nee joʔō kyaʔā kékū. nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover(.3) nu NOM nee say(.3) joʔō god kyaʔā mountain kékū water.place He closed off the one called the god of nature. |
| (261) |
Nu nkātākǫ́ʔūʔ laaʔ nu jā tyāʔ ntūkwá tya kétū. nu NOM nkā-t-ākǫ́ʔ=ūʔ CPL.CAUS-TRN-cover=3PL laaʔ like.so nu NOM jā CONJ tyāʔ still n-tūkwá STAT-be.inside to mouth kétū hole Although they closed it off, the hole still exists. |
| Alternation | Derived coding frame | Alternation class | Occurs | Comment | # Ex. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (23) |
nk-y-a_ko!&7 skwela_. na_la! matru_ skwela_ Nkyākǫ́ʔ skwelā. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover skwelā school The school was closed. Comment: The example shows the basic intransitive verb from which COVER/CLOSE is derived. |
| (24) |
nk-ya_ko!&7 kitza&7 ke nu kuna_7a!& nu n-ta_a! kwi!ti_ Nkyākǫ́ʔ kitząʔ ke nu kūnáʔa nu ntāá kwítī. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover kitząʔ hair ke head nu NOM kūnáʔa female nu NOM n-tāá HAB-give kwítī medicine The nurse's hair is covered up (with a cloth). Comment: This example shows the basic intransitive verb from which COVER/CLOSE is derived. |
| (25) |
nk-y-a_ko!&7 nt-ii ke!tu_ xee&7 -a_&7 Nkyākǫ́ʔ ntii kétū xeęʔę̄ʔ. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover nt-ii HAB-feel kétū hole xeęʔ=ą̄ʔ nose=1SG My nose feels like it got plugged up. Comment: The verb -ii 'want', means 'feel' in this example. The example shows the basic intransitive verb from which COVER/CLOSE is derived. |
| (26) |
Nkyākǫ́ʔ na nkwítząá lóʔō na tā kitząʔá. nk-y-ākǫ́ʔ CPL-ITRN-cover na ART nkwítzą=V́ child=DEM lóʔō RN.with na ART tā-kitząʔ=V́ cloth-hair=DEM The child was covered up with the blanket. Comment: This verb illustrates the basic intransitive verb from which COVER/CLOSE is derived. |
