Alternation ‘ji-Passive (periphrastic)’ for Verb form ‘ttwida

Basic coding frame Derived coding frame
1-nom V N/A

Alternation occurs: Marginally

Examples for basic coding frame

(33)

아이들이 좋아서 깡충깡충 뛰고 있었다.
Aideuri joaseo kkangchungkkangchung ttwigo isseotta.
ai-deul-i
child-PL-NOM
joh-aseo
be_glad-CONV.RS
kkangchungkkangchung
up_and_down
ttwi-go
jump-CONV
iss-eoss-da
be-PST-DECL
The children were happily (i.e., because theywere happy) jumping up and down.

Alternation examples

(172)

러닝화를 신으면 잘 뛰어진다.
Reonninghwareul sineumyeon jal ttwieo jinda.
reonninghwa-reul
running_shoes-ACC
sin-eumyeon
put_on-CONV
jal
well
ttwi-eo
run-COV
ji-n-da
PASS.AUX-NPST-DECL
If one puts on running shoes, one can run well.

Comment: This is an example where formally, ttwi- 'run' is inflected for what seems like a periphrastic passive alternation, although the verb's meaning acquires some modal meaning. Interestingly, the expression of any grammatical (potentially nominative, -ga marked) subject is not possible here, which raises the question whether this rather an impersonal construction than a true passive as observed with transitive verbs. This is why the alternation value for this verb has been chosen as 'marginally'.