Language: Zenzontepec Chatino
Contributors: Eric Campbell
Simplex verb
Verb meaning: TALK [talk]
Comment: /y-akwiʔ/; It seems like jiʔį̄ is used for 'talk to' and lóʔō is used more for 'talk with'. As in English, the difference is subtle and not always very clear. The latter functions like a reciprocal, but reciprocals are not marked in this way, and it more resembles comitative NPs, which are flagged by lóʔō. CPL-speak
Examples: see at the bottom
Schema: V 1 jiʔį̄+2 3
| # | Microrole | Coding set | Argument type |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | talker | Ø | A |
| 2 | talked to person | jiʔį̄+NP | P |
| 3 | talked about content | Ø | X |
| (200) |
Tzoʔō ntakǫʔ ʔneyu ntekwā niī jā ntikwiʔyu jnā. tzoʔō good ntakǫʔ very ʔne=yu HAB.do=3SG.M ntekwā DEM niī now jā CONJ nti-kwiʔ=yu HAB-speak=3SG.M jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL He does very well because he talks to us. |
| (203) |
Lēʔ tyāʔ yakwiʔ nu kūnáʔa jlyālá jį̄ na nkwítząaʔ lēʔ nakwę laaʔ "i wala tz-āā tī nī?" lēʔ then tyāʔ still y-akwiʔ CPL-speak nu NOM kūnáʔa female jlyālá mean jiʔį̄ RN na ART nkwítzą=Vʔ child=DEM lēʔ then nakwę say(.3) laaʔ like.so i and wala where tz-āā POT-go.NBASE.2SG tī EMPH nī now And the mean woman still spoke to the child, and she said to him, "And where are you going now?" |
| (204) |
Yakwiʔ nu kūnáʔa jyą́ʔ i nkātāá súkwā jį̄náʔ. y-akwiʔ CPL-speak nu NOM kūnáʔa female jiʔį̄=ą̄ʔ RN=1SG i and nkā-tāá CPL-give(.3) súkwā food jiʔį̄ RN nāáʔ 1SG The woman spoke to me and offered me food. |
| (231) |
Niī nu ná nyaʔa jiʔį̄na ná kikwiʔ jnā maxi kākwári nkuteję̄. niī now nu NOM ná NEG nyaʔa HAB.see(.3) jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL ná NEG ki-kwiʔ POT-speak(.3) jiʔį̄=na RN=1PL.INCL maxi CONJ kākwá=ri close.by=only nku-teję̄ CPL-pass(.3) Now they don't see us, they don't speak to us, even when they pass close by. Comment: There is no appropriate valency reducing alternation to link this example to. Note that Zenzontepec Chatino is a highly transitivizing language. There is only one alternation (the intransitive alternation) or maybe two (including the object/instrument incorporation alternation) valency reducing alternation(s), and only a few verbs undergo them. |
| (276) |
Ná tukwi yakwiʔ jyā. ná NEG tukwi which y-akwiʔ CPL-speak(.3) jiʔį̄=ya RN=1PL.EXCL No one spoke to us. |
| (288) |
Jā saʔne nchakwiʔ nāáʔ tzáʔ wá nī. jā CONJ saʔne long.ago nch-akwiʔ PRG-speak nāáʔ 1SG tzáʔ thing wá DEM nī now I have been talking about this for a long time now. |
| Alternation | Derived coding frame | Alternation class | Occurs | Comment | # Ex. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (201) |
Nchakwiʔ na lóʔō niʔ maxi xītzáʔrina. nch-akwiʔ PRG-speak na 1PL.INCL lóʔō RN.with niʔ 3SG.RSP maxi CONJ x-ītzáʔ=ri=na POSS-word=only=1PL.INCL We are talking with the lord even if only in our language. Comment: It seems like jiʔį̄ is used for 'talk to' and lóʔō is used more for 'talk with'. As in English, the difference is subtle and not always very clear. The latter functions like a reciprocal, but reciprocals are not marked in this way, and it more resembles comitative NPs, which are flagged by lóʔō. |
