Icelandic is one of the most archaic modern Germanic languages. It has\nmaintained most of the morphological distinctions from Old Icelandic, most of\nthe paradigmatic distinctions and a huge proportion of the vocabulary. Some\nphonological changes have occurred, and some word order and constructional\npatterns have fallen into disuse. Icelanders of today can read Old Icelandic\nwithout problems.
\nIcelandic has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. These are\nmarked on nouns, pronouns, all adjectival elements and the definite article. The\ndefinite artice is cliticized on nouns, after inflectional morphemes, which in\nturn means that definite nouns in Icelandic have double case marking. Example:\n\"mann\" acc.sg., \"manni\" dat.sg, vs. \"manninn\" acc.sg.def and \"manninum\"\ndat.sg.def.
\nThere is nominative agreement in Icelandic which means that if the subject is in\nthe nominative case, the verb agrees with the subject, if the object is in the\nnominative case, the verb agrees with the object. In essence this means that\nIcelandic does not have subject-verb agreement but nominative-verb agreement.
\nIcelandic is a V2 language with a relatively fixed SVO word order in both main\nand subordinate clauses. It does not allow scrambling like German and\ntopicalizations are very rare in the spoken language. It has subject\u2013verb\ninversion, it has V1 structures, like the socalled \"Narrative Inversion\", it has\nobject shift, i.e. the rerversal of the order between an object and a sentence\nadverb, and it has \"stylistic fronting\", i.e. the preposing of a particle or an\nadverb in subjectless subordinate clauses (cf. \u00der\u00e1insson 2007).
\nJ\u00f3hanna Bar\u00f0dal is a native speaker linguist.
", "latitude": 65.0, "longitude": -17.0}, "name": "Icelandic"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-17.0, 65.0]}, "id": "icel1247"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 4451, "basic_codingframe_pk": 2396, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "oldn1244-long-for-1", "name": "f\u00fdsask", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3886, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3886, "jsondata": {}, "id": "oldn1244-long-for", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 46, "parameter_pk": 100, "contribution_pk": 46, "source": null}}, {"pk": 4452, "basic_codingframe_pk": 2412, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "oldn1244-long-for-2", "name": "langa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3886, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3886, "jsondata": {}, "id": "oldn1244-long-for", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 46, "parameter_pk": 100, "contribution_pk": 46, "source": null}}], "label": "f\u00fdsask, langa", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 46, "glottocode": "oldn1244", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "oldn1244", "name": "Old Norse", "description": "#### General comment\n\nOld Norse a western variety of North Germanic and is the precursor to Modern Icelandic, with which it shares a substantial deal of morphology and lexicon. As the oldest and best attested variety of North Germanic, Old Norse is representative of that branch.\n\n\n#### Characterization of flagging resources\n\nOld Norse has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. These are marked on nouns, pronouns, all adjectival elements and the definite article. Adjectives have two inflections, strong and weak. The former applies to adjectives used indefinitely attributively and predicatively. The weak adjectival declension is used when the modified noun is definite, either by means of a definite article or otherwise inherently definite such as the name of a person. The definitite article is usually cliticized on nouns, following an inflectional morpheme, so that definite nouns have double case marking.\n\n\n#### Characterization of indexing resources\n\nOld Norse shows nominative-verb agreement so that the verb agrees with the noun in the nominative case. If no noun is in the nominative case, the verb is inflected in the third person singular.\n\n\n#### Characterization of ordering resources\n\nGenerally, Old Norse is a V2 language with a quite stable SVO word order. However, deviances from this may appear in the sources, especially in the form of scrambling and topicalizations. An older SOV situation may at times surface in the language.\n\n\n#### Source of the data and generalizations/background of the contributor(s)\n\nThe Old Norse data was elicited from the standard dictionary for Old Norse [Ordbog over det norr\u00f8ne prosasprog](https://onp.ku.dk). Matteo Tarsi holds a PhD in Icelandic linguistics from the University of Iceland (2020).", "markup_description": "Old Norse a western variety of North Germanic and is the precursor to Modern Icelandic, with which it shares a substantial deal of morphology and lexicon. As the oldest and best attested variety of North Germanic, Old Norse is representative of that branch.
\nOld Norse has four cases, nominative, accusative, dative and genitive. These are marked on nouns, pronouns, all adjectival elements and the definite article. Adjectives have two inflections, strong and weak. The former applies to adjectives used indefinitely attributively and predicatively. The weak adjectival declension is used when the modified noun is definite, either by means of a definite article or otherwise inherently definite such as the name of a person. The definitite article is usually cliticized on nouns, following an inflectional morpheme, so that definite nouns have double case marking.
\nOld Norse shows nominative-verb agreement so that the verb agrees with the noun in the nominative case. If no noun is in the nominative case, the verb is inflected in the third person singular.
\nGenerally, Old Norse is a V2 language with a quite stable SVO word order. However, deviances from this may appear in the sources, especially in the form of scrambling and topicalizations. An older SOV situation may at times surface in the language.
\nThe Old Norse data was elicited from the standard dictionary for Old Norse Ordbog over det norr\u00f8ne prosasprog. Matteo Tarsi holds a PhD in Icelandic linguistics from the University of Iceland (2020).
", "latitude": 64.672078, "longitude": -17.1311796}, "name": "Old Norse"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [-17.1311796, 64.672078]}, "id": "oldn1244"}, {"type": "Feature", "properties": {"values": [{"pk": 4563, "basic_codingframe_pk": 2665, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "olds1252-long-for-1", "name": "langa", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3964, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3964, "jsondata": {}, "id": "olds1252-long-for", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 47, "parameter_pk": 100, "contribution_pk": 47, "source": null}}, {"pk": 4564, "basic_codingframe_pk": 2656, "original_script": null, "simplex_or_complex": "Simplex", "comment": null, "jsondata": {}, "id": "olds1252-long-for-2", "name": "l\u00e4nkta", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "valueset_pk": 3964, "domainelement_pk": null, "frequency": null, "confidence": null, "domainelement": null, "valueset": {"pk": 3964, "jsondata": {}, "id": "olds1252-long-for", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "language_pk": 47, "parameter_pk": 100, "contribution_pk": 47, "source": null}}], "label": "langa, l\u00e4nkta", "icon": "data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyAgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIgogICAgICB4bWxuczp4bGluaz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS94bGluayIgaGVpZ2h0PSI0MCIgd2lkdGg9IjQwIj4KICA8Y2lyY2xlIGN4PSIyMCIgY3k9IjIwIiByPSIxNCIgc3R5bGU9ImZpbGw6IzAwRkYwMDtzdHJva2U6YmxhY2s7c3Ryb2tlLXdpZHRoOjFweDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWNhcDpyb3VuZDtzdHJva2UtbGluZWpvaW46cm91bmQ7Ii8+Cjwvc3ZnPg==", "language": {"macroarea": "Eurasia", "pk": 47, "glottocode": "olds1252", "family_pk": 7, "jsondata": {}, "id": "olds1252", "name": "Old Swedish", "description": null, "markup_description": null, "latitude": 59.8, "longitude": 17.39}, "name": "Old Swedish"}, "geometry": {"type": "Point", "coordinates": [17.39, 59.8]}, "id": "olds1252"}]}