Alternation ‘causal -ja-verb’ (Coded)

Causal ja-suffixation is of Proto-Indo-European descent, with o-grade of the root and accent on the suffix (LIV2: 22–23). Its primary function was that of forming causatives. In Germanic, this derivational strategy has enjoyed a high degree of productivity, eventually being extended to the formation of secondary verbs, and has hence preserved the purportedly original causative function. Derived ja-verbs can oppose to derived na-verbs (mainly), as well as passives and reflexives in the so-called anticausative alternation.