Alternation ‘passive (T)’ (Coded)

In Old Latin the passive alternation is marked by continuants of the PIE mediopassive or ‘middle’ which in Latin, in some cases, is to be interpreted as a passive. For the infectum stem, synthetic forms with a characteristic affix in -r are used. There are no special perfectum stem forms for the passive. Instead, periphrastic forms consisting of the passive perfect participle and forms of the verb sum ‘to be’ are used (Pinkster 2015: 51). In Latin A can be expressed with an adjunct PP with a/ab + ablative. Usually three-place verbs with indirective alignment (i.e., T is encoded like the P of a monotransitive construction and differently from the R, see BRING fero, GIVE do, SEND mitto with the R-like argument expressed either with the dative or with the ad + ACC phrase), allow for the indirective passivization, that is the T-like argument is invariably passivized (Napoli 2018).