Alternation ‘r-passive (P)’ (Coded )

In Old Latin the passive alternation is marked by continuants of the PIE mediopassive or ‘middle’ which in Latin, in some cases, is to be interpreted as a passive. For the infectum stem, synthetic forms with a characteristic affix in -r are used. There are no special perfectum stem forms for the passive. Instead, periphrastic forms consisting of the passive perfect participle and forms of the verb sum ‘to be’ are used (Pinkster 2015: 51). In Latin A can be expressed with an adjunct PP with a/ab + ablative. P-like arguments are usually passivized with two-place verbs.